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LIU Q L, LUO X B, ZHOU B, et al. Sensory quality evaluation and biochemical composition analysis of black tea made from Xi’ning ancient tea trees in Leibo county[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2022, 43(5): 102−106 doi: 10.12172/202112010003
Citation: LIU Q L, LUO X B, ZHOU B, et al. Sensory quality evaluation and biochemical composition analysis of black tea made from Xi’ning ancient tea trees in Leibo county[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 2022, 43(5): 102−106 doi: 10.12172/202112010003

Sensory Quality Evaluation and Biochemical Composition Analysis of Black Tea Made from Xi’ning Ancient Tea Trees in Leibo County


doi: 10.12172/202112010003
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  • Corresponding author: 593023817@qq.com
  • Received Date: 2021-12-01
    Available Online: 2022-07-19
  • Publish Date: 2022-10-26
  • In order to explore the tea production potential of wild ancient tea trees in Xi’ning town, Leibo county and promote the development and utilization of germplasm resources, the sensory quality evaluation and biochemical composition determination of black tea samples made from the wild ancient tea trees in Xi’ning (referred to as XNBT for short) were carried out, and compared with other black tea samples. The results showed that: (1) XNBT was heavy and firm in appearance, orange-red and bright in soup color, long-lasting sweet with caramel in aroma, sweet, mellow and fresh in taste, and red and soft in phyllotaxis. The sensory evaluation score of XNBT was 90.4, which was slightly higher than that of the black tea made from the spring tips of the clonal tea variety ‘Fuding Dabai’ (90.3, referred to as FDBT) and a commercially available wild-plant black tea in the market (85.5, referred to as CWBT). (2) The total catechin content of XNBT was 11.5 mg·g−1, which was 40.2% and 30.7% higher than that of CWBT and FDBT, respectively. The caffeine content (48.7 mg·g−1) and total free amino acid content (19.89 mg·g−1) of XNBT were slightly higher than those of the other two black teas. The main tea pigments (thearubigen, theaflavin and theafucin) of XNBT black tea were 131.90 mg·g−1, which was higher than that of FDBT but lower than that of CWBT. In summary, the quality of XNBT was superior and it was valuable for development and utilization. Its quality formation may be related to the biological characteristics of wild tea population and the climate of Leibo. It is recommended to strengthen the protection and utilization of this resource.
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  • [1] 虞富莲. 论茶树原产地和起源中心[J]. 茶叶科学,1986,6(1):1−8.
    [2] 陈亮,虞富莲,童启庆. 关于茶组植物分类与演化的讨论[J]. 茶叶科学,2002,20(2):89−94.
    [3] 杨军,孔祥瑞,王让剑,等. 基于EST-SSR荧光标记和毛细管电泳检测技术分析邵武碎铜茶群体遗传多样性与亲缘关系研究[J]. 茶叶学报,2019,60(4):137−143. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-4872.2019.04.001
    [4] 刘东娜,李兰英,龚雪蛟,等. 峨眉山野生茶树资源农艺性状多样性分析[J]. 中国农学通报,2020,36(13):103−109.
    [5] 刘肖冰,陈冬梅,林娟. 海南五指山野生茶制得红茶和绿茶的生化品质成分[J]. 东北林业大学学报,2019(4):3. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2019.04.014
    [6] 徐代刚,温顺位,刘学. 梵净山野生茶与常规茶品质比较研究[J]. 茶业通报,2016(1):4.
    [7] 孟爱丽,温顺位,徐代刚,等. 野生、古茶树茶品质研究[J]. 广东茶业,2014(4):26−30. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7398.2014.04.009
    [8] 周斌,王留彬,徐新涛,等. 雷波野生茶树遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析[J]. 云南农业大学学报(自然科学),2020,v.35(162):130−137. doi: 10.12101/j.issn.1004-390X(n).201904037
    [9] 周斌,王留彬,韩浩蕾,等. 雷波野生茶树资源春季新梢主要生化成分分析[J]. 西北农业学报,2020,29(3):8.
    [10] 张正竹. 茶叶生物化学实验教程[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2009, 52-57.
    [11] 牛素贞,安红卫,宋勤飞,等. 贵州野生茶树立地土壤养分状况分析及综合评价[J]. 浙江农业学报,2020,32(6):1039−1048. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2020.06.12
    [12] 杨延,杨郦婷,查银娟. 红茶茶色素的提取、功效及应用研究进展[J]. 广东蚕业,2021,55(1):69−70. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1205.2021.01.33
    [13] 张翔,陈学娟,杜晓,等. 蒙顶甘露茶滋味特征及主要呈味成分贡献率分析[J]. 云南大学学报(自然科学版),2020,42(4):783−791.
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Sensory Quality Evaluation and Biochemical Composition Analysis of Black Tea Made from Xi’ning Ancient Tea Trees in Leibo County

doi: 10.12172/202112010003
  • 1. College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
  • 2. Sichuan Academy of Natural Resources Science, Chengdu 610015, China
  • 3. Chengdu Branch of Sichuan Academy of Natural Resources Science, Chengdu 610000, China
  • 4. Liangshan State Labor Vocational and Technical School, Xichang 615000, China
  • Corresponding author: 593023817@qq.com

Abstract: In order to explore the tea production potential of wild ancient tea trees in Xi’ning town, Leibo county and promote the development and utilization of germplasm resources, the sensory quality evaluation and biochemical composition determination of black tea samples made from the wild ancient tea trees in Xi’ning (referred to as XNBT for short) were carried out, and compared with other black tea samples. The results showed that: (1) XNBT was heavy and firm in appearance, orange-red and bright in soup color, long-lasting sweet with caramel in aroma, sweet, mellow and fresh in taste, and red and soft in phyllotaxis. The sensory evaluation score of XNBT was 90.4, which was slightly higher than that of the black tea made from the spring tips of the clonal tea variety ‘Fuding Dabai’ (90.3, referred to as FDBT) and a commercially available wild-plant black tea in the market (85.5, referred to as CWBT). (2) The total catechin content of XNBT was 11.5 mg·g−1, which was 40.2% and 30.7% higher than that of CWBT and FDBT, respectively. The caffeine content (48.7 mg·g−1) and total free amino acid content (19.89 mg·g−1) of XNBT were slightly higher than those of the other two black teas. The main tea pigments (thearubigen, theaflavin and theafucin) of XNBT black tea were 131.90 mg·g−1, which was higher than that of FDBT but lower than that of CWBT. In summary, the quality of XNBT was superior and it was valuable for development and utilization. Its quality formation may be related to the biological characteristics of wild tea population and the climate of Leibo. It is recommended to strengthen the protection and utilization of this resource.

  • 茶树[Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze.]起源于中国[1],在中国的西南和华南地区均生长着较多的野生茶树,主要包括横断山脉分布区、滇川黔分布区、滇桂黔分布区和南岭山脉分布区[2]。野生茶树种质遗传多样性丰富[3]、优异种质资源多[4],远离化学农药和城市污染,所制茶产品特色鲜明、品质优异[5-6],已受到消费者喜爱并在市场上热销[7],具有很大的消费潜力。探究野生茶树制茶品质对新产品开发和促进茶产业健康可持续发展具有重要意义,是种质资源合理开发利用的基础。

    四川省雷波县地处横断山脉东段,是凉山州的东大门,东南隔江与云南省永善县相望,已被列入国家乡村振兴重点帮扶县。雷波县西宁镇罗山溪乡银厂沟村(28°30′10′′N,103°29′5′′E,海拔1200~1500 m)附近数座山上有约168 hm2的野生茶树及古茶树资源集中分布,其中部分茶树高近10 m,主干直径在10 cm以上的茶树有数百株,以大叶种为主。雷波西宁古茶树与四川大邑野生茶树群体遗传距离最近,其次是荥经野生茶树群体,与云南凤庆野生茶树群体距离最远[8]。周斌等[9]对雷波西宁古茶树的春季新梢主要生化成分进行分析,结果表明其氨基酸质量分数在野生茶树中处于中等水平,儿茶素质量分数较低,咖啡因质量分数较高,具有选育出高咖啡因种质资源的潜力。本研究以栽培的无性系茶树品种和市场上销售的野生茶树红茶产品为对照,从感官审评和生化成分两个方面分析雷波西宁古茶树所制红茶样的品质,旨在为雷波西宁野生古茶树资源的利用、产品开发提供参考。

    • 以雷波县罗山溪乡银厂沟村古茶树群体春梢一芽二叶为原料生产红茶样,简称雷波西宁古树红茶样。作为对照,在名山茶树良种繁育场采集栽培型无性系茶树品种‘福鼎大白茶’一芽二叶新梢,按相同方法制成红茶样,简称福鼎红茶样;另外从市场购买等某地野生茶树群体一芽二叶新梢红茶样,简称市售野生红茶样。共计3份试验茶样。

    • 三位一级评茶员采用密码审评,与对照茶样同时进行感官审评。审评参照国家标准GBT 23776—2018《茶叶感官审评方法》,GBT 14487—2017《茶叶感官审评术语》,从外形,汤色、香气、滋味和叶底5个方面进行感官审评,评分分别占比25%、10%、25%、30%和10%。

    • 生化成分的测定采用全量法。儿茶素组分和咖啡因的测定参照GB/T 8313—2018《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》中的HPLC法进行。氨基酸组分的测定参照国家标准GB/T 30987—2014《植物中游离氨基酸的测定》中的HPLC法。红茶三种主要茶色素为茶黄素(TFs)、茶红素(TRs)、茶褐素(TBs),采用系统分析法[10]进行测定。

    • 采用Excel. 2016进行数据分析。

    2.   结果与分析
    • 感官审评结果如表1所示,栽培型福鼎红茶样外形紧细显金毫,而西宁野生红茶样因其原料芽叶较大且肥厚,其外形重实、紧结、乌润。三个茶样汤色均为橙红色,两个野生茶树汤色更亮,而福鼎红茶样汤色欠明亮,可能与其叶背茸毛较多有关。香气方面,雷波西宁古树红茶的香气特征较突出,为甜香带焦糖香高长,而福鼎红茶样带花香。三种红茶的滋味均为醇味,雷波西宁古树红茶为甜醇鲜,得分最高。综合来看,雷波西宁古树茶制成的红茶感官品质最高,得分为90.4,主要优势体现在香气高,滋味甜醇鲜。

      茶样名称
      Tea name
      雷波西宁古树红茶样XNBT市售野生红茶样CWBT福鼎红茶样FDBT
      评语 Comment得分 Score评语 Comment得分 Score评语 Comment得分 Score
      外形(25%)
      Appearance
      重实,紧结,乌黑,较润88.0灰褐,尚紧结,尚匀整84.0红褐显金毫,较紧细,较匀齐90.0
      汤色(10%)
      Soup color
      橙红明亮91.0橙红明亮91.0橙红欠亮88.0
      香气(25%)
      Sweet smell
      甜香带焦糖香,高长91.0较纯,平86.0甜香带花香,浓92.0
      滋味(30%)
      Taste
      甜醇鲜92.0醇和显酸85.0醇厚爽口89.0
      叶底(10%)
      Tea residue
      红亮,柔软,匀89.0红褐,尚匀,有梗,较硬84.0柔软,有芽,红亮,匀整93.0
      总分(100%)
      Total
      90.485.590.3

      Table 1.  Sensory assessment of quality characteristics of black tea

    • 三种红茶的儿茶素组分如图1a所示,儿茶素总量均低于12 mg·g−1,雷波西宁古树红茶样的总量最高,为11.5 mg·g−1,比市售野生红茶样和福鼎红茶样分别高出40.25%和30.7%。雷波西宁古树红茶样儿茶素组分最多的是EGCG,含量为5.8 mg·g−1,比市售野生红茶样和福鼎红茶样分别高出555.5%和156.5%;其次是ECG,含量为4.3 mg·g−1,仍高出另外两种红茶分别38.7%和65.4%。雷波西宁古树红茶样和福鼎红茶样的儿茶素组分均以酯型儿茶素为主,占儿茶素总量的100%和95.5%,而市售野生红茶样的酯型儿茶素占64.6%。

      Figure 1.  Contents of catechin component (a), tea pigment component (b) and caffeine (c) in the three black tea samples (mg·g −1

      三种红茶的主要色素含量如图1b所示,均表现为TBs>TRs>TFs。雷波西宁古树红茶样的色素总量低于市售野生红茶样,高于福鼎红茶样,为131.9 mg·g−1。雷波西宁古树红茶样的咖啡因含量最高,为48.7 mg·g−1,比市售野生红茶样高出80.4%(见图1c)。

    • 表2所示,共检测出20种氨基酸组分,雷波西宁古树红茶样的氨基酸总量最高,为19.89 mg·g−1,比市售野生红茶样高出25.3%。雷波西宁古树红茶样的The总量占比值仅21.3%,市售红茶样和福鼎红茶样的The占比较高,分别为42.6%和39.7%。雷波西宁红茶样有13种氨基酸的含量同时高于另外两种红茶样,分别为Asp、Thr、Asn、Glu、Gln、Gly、Ala、Val、Leu、g-ABA、Lys、His和Arg。其中雷波西宁古树红茶样的Gln含量比市售红茶样高出754.2%,比福鼎红茶样高出485.7%,Leu、Asp、Thr和Ile分别比市售野生红茶样高出146.4%、117.4%、100%和100%。

      样品名称
      Sample name
      雷波西宁古树红
      茶样XNBT
      市售野生红
      茶样CWBT
      福鼎红茶
      样FDBT
      天冬氨酸Asp1.500.691.12
      苏氨酸Thr0.600.300.28
      丝氨酸Ser0.770.490.90
      天冬酰胺Asn2.882.032.54
      谷氨酸Glu1.500.761.22
      谷氨酰胺Gln2.050.240.35
      茶氨酸The4.236.767.80
      甘氨酸Gly0.030.020.02
      丙氨酸Ala0.340.330.28
      缬氨酸Val0.930.630.86
      半胱氨酸Cys0.010.01ND
      甲硫氨酸MetNDNDND
      异亮氨酸Ile0.460.230.47
      亮氨酸Leu0.690.280.50
      酪氨酸Tyr0.300.310.39
      苯丙氨酸Phe0.660.550.71
      γ-氨基丁酸g-ABA0.570.450.22
      赖氨酸Lys0.530.300.52
      组氨酸His0.130.080.06
      精氨酸Arg1.231.040.80
      脯氨酸Pro0.480.370.59
      氨基酸总量19.8915.8719.63
        注:ND表示低于最低检测限。
        Note: ND means lower than the minimum detection limit.

      Table 2.  Content and total amount of free amino acids in the three black tea samples (mg·g−1

    3.   结论与讨论
    • 对3份红茶样同时进行感官审评,雷波西宁古树红茶样得分最高,特别是香气为甜香带焦糖香、高长,滋味甜醇鲜。徐代刚等[6]指出野生茶和常规茶在外形、滋味、香气类型及香气成分等存在一定差异,本研究结果表明由雷波西宁古茶树所制红茶品质较优。西宁古树红茶干茶外形和冲泡叶底略低于对照福鼎红茶样,这是由于野生茶树大多生长环境粗放、不同植株间差异较大、嫩叶芽头肥瘦大小不一所致[11]

      雷波西宁古树红茶样的儿茶素总量和咖啡因含量均高于同类野生红茶样和栽培型福鼎红茶样,但其TFs、TRs和TBs总量比市售红茶样低18.2%,这可能与红茶发酵过程中儿茶素转化为茶色素有关。红茶色素是构成茶汤色泽和亮度的重要成分[12],雷波西宁古树红茶的汤色仍为橙红明亮,优于福鼎红茶样。游离氨基酸是茶叶中主要呈鲜爽味的物质[13],雷波西宁古树红茶样的游离氨基酸总量高于其他两种茶样,这应该是雷波西宁古树红茶滋味甜醇鲜的原因。此外,该茶树群体遗传多样性丰富[8],以及雷波“一山有四季、十里不同天,一天有四季、十里不同温”的亚热带山地立体气候,共同形成雷波西宁古树红茶协调出众的风味特点。整体来看,雷波西宁古树红茶品质优异、茶汤甜醇鲜,香气高长,具有深入开发的意义。

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